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That is an excerpt from Understanding International Politics by Kevin Bloor. You may obtain the ebook freed from cost from E-Worldwide Relations.
Worldwide Relations teaches us that the system round us isn’t totally steady. There’s a fixed potential of latest developments, creating new realities and ever-changing landscapes. International politics is solid below a perennial present of social change. This whirligig of change provides the examine of the subject material a lot of its tutorial stimulation, offering college students with an thrilling topic and one on the vanguard of change. There’ll all the time be one thing to debate and discover inside your research and within the phrases of the Buddhist proverb: ‘nothing is ceaselessly besides change’. But, that being stated, we are able to anchor ourselves by understanding a spread of key developments, as outlined under on this glossary of key IR phrases, as a means of understanding parts of the world as it’s – thus far.
Abraham Accords – A joint settlement between Israel, the UAE and the US signed in 2020. The Abraham Accords marked the primary normalisation of relations between Israel and a neighbouring Arab state because the mid-Nineteen Nineties.
Absolute beneficial properties – The general advantage of a choice for a state or non-state actor whatever the beneficial properties made by others. Actors due to this fact decide their actions on the premise of absolute relatively than relative beneficial properties. The idea of absolute acquire is rooted inside the liberal perspective on Worldwide Relations.
Accountability – A scenario wherein these in energy are held liable for their choices. There’s a distinction to be made between horizontal and vertical accountability. The previous requires a system of checks and balances between the three branches of presidency. Vertical accountability entails a job for residents in performing as a restrict upon the powers of presidency.
Adaptation – Adjustments made with the intention to accommodate completely different circumstances (similar to residing with the implications of local weather change). Methods according to adaptation embrace the relocation of settlements in areas most in danger from local weather change. Adaptation due to this fact entails adjustments inside the processes, practices and buildings coping with environmental degradation.
African Continental Free Commerce Space – A free commerce space amongst members of the African Union. Established in 2021, the intention is to take away tariffs and enhance intra-African commerce. The settlement seeks to create a single market alongside related traces to European integration.
African Financial Union (AMU) – The method of deeper financial integration inside the African Union. The AMU shall be administered by a central financial institution and consequence within the creation of a single foreign money.
African Union (AU) – An organisation consisting of member states from the African continent. The African Union was based in 2002 and changed the Organisation of African Unity. The regional bloc has created the Pan-African Parliament, the Fee and a semi-annual assembly of state premiers. The AU has additionally established a Peace and Safety Council with the intention to implement choices.
Anarchy – A situation wherein states are free to pursue their very own pursuits no matter any wider obligations in the direction of different members of the worldwide group. Finally, there isn’t a governing establishment with the authority to resolve disputes between states and non-state actors. The realist college of thought tends to stress the significance of anarchy on the behaviour of states, while liberals declare the consequences are considerably exaggerated.
Annexation – The acquisition of one other state’s territory by power. Annexation is a unilateral act wherein territory is seized relatively than through cession (given or offered through a Treaty). Annexation might be legitimised through common recognition by worldwide our bodies (similar to intergovernmental establishments).
Anocracy – A kind of presidency that mixes democratic and dictatorial options. Anocracies allow some type of democratic participation inside a broader dictatorial framework. The variety of anocracies has elevated because the finish of the Chilly Warfare.
Anthropocentrism – A worldview related to the assumption that people are custodians of the Earth’s sources. Anthropocentrism emphasises the elevated standing of people inside the animal kingdom.
Anti(alter)-globalisation – A political motion that campaigns for an alternate type of globalisation to that of the Washington Consensus. Stress teams, teachers and civil society favour one other world constructed upon ideas similar to equality and social justice. The anti (or alter)-globalisation motion additionally seeks to advertise an environmentally-friendly strategy to financial improvement.
Arms Race – A scenario wherein two or extra nations enhance their army expenditure on account of a shared distrust. The arms race is a direct consequence of the safety dilemma (or spiral of insecurity).
Affiliation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) – ASEAN is a regional inter-governmental organisation that encourages political, financial, and safety cooperation amongst its members. The group has held a key position in Asian financial and, to a sure extent, political integration. Equally, ASEAN has led negotiations amongst Pacific-Asian nations to kind one of many largest free buying and selling blocs the world has ever seen.
ASEAN Approach – A casual and consensual strategy adopted by leaders of the ASEAN states. The emphasis is upon compromise, session and the avoidance of battle. The ASEAN means can also be characterised by quiet diplomacy and coordination amongst member states.
Assimilation – A course of wherein completely different cultures are absorbed inside the broader tradition of that society. Assimilation locations social concord above the variety championed by integration, and due to this fact presents a counter to the conflict of civilisations thesis.
Asymmetrical improvement – The disparity in financial improvement between the industrialised ‘North’ and the underdeveloped ‘South.’
Authority – The reputable proper to writer choices and rule over others. When energy is exercised with out reputable authority, it may well result in battle.
Autocracy – A system of presidency wherein a single chief or get together is in possession of supreme and absolute energy. As soon as considered in a beneficial method, the time period autocracy is usually thought of in a detrimental sense on account of its affiliation with dictatorial regimes.
Stability of energy – An idea which stipulates that states safe their survival through forging alliances with different states. In doing so, an equilibrium might be maintained between rival teams. The steadiness of energy seeks to make sure a level of stability in comparison with a system wherein a hegemonic energy might dominate its weaker neighbours.
Bandwagoning – A scenario wherein a state is aligned with a stronger adversary. Bandwagoning happens when the weaker state decides that the price of opposing the stronger energy exceeds the advantages.
Bangkok Declaration on Human Rights – Signed in 1993, the Bangkok Declaration presents an alternate narrative to the Eurocentric strategy. The Bangkok Declaration emphasises communal obligations relatively than the rights of the person. The doc additionally emphasises the significance of sovereignty and the precept of non-interference.
Beijing Consensus – The political and financial insurance policies adopted by China following the free-market reforms instigated by Deng Xiaoping. The phrase was coined by Joshua Cooper Ramo to spotlight an alternate strategy in the direction of the Washington Consensus. The Chinese language strategy is usually known as a ‘birdcage economic system’.
Belt and Highway Initiative – A world infrastructure improvement technique adopted by the Chinese language authorities. It’s the centrepiece of up to date Chinese language overseas coverage with a goal date for completion by the center of the century.
Billiard ball mannequin – A realist conception wherein the state is analogous to an unbiased and unitary billiard-ball. In keeping with this state-centric assumption, home politics ends on the water’s edge and engagements with different states could also be calculated. In distinction, liberals declare that Worldwide Relations is characterised through the cobweb mannequin.
Bipolarity – The distribution of energy inside worldwide relations characterised by two superpowers every with their very own sphere of affect. The time period might be utilized in a worldwide or regional sense. Bipolarity usually entails proxy wars relatively than direct confrontation.
Bourgeoisie – A Marxist time period used to explain the homeowners of capital. In keeping with the Marxist perspective, those that personal the technique of manufacturing exploit those that promote their labour for a wage (the proletariat). Dependency theorists undertake a neo-Marxist understanding of the worldwide financial system.
Brazilification – The hollowing-out of the center class mixed with a rise within the stage of inequality. In keeping with Ulrich Beck, ‘Brazilification’ might be attributed to the method of globalisation.
Brandt line The demarcation between the developed ‘North’ and the underdeveloped ‘South.’ The road was proposed by the previous West German Chancellor Willy Brandt.
Bretton Woods System – An financial system of governance created shortly earlier than the tip of the Second World Warfare. The Bretton Woods system was primarily based upon a hard and fast trade price system.
Buck passing – A scenario wherein a state assumes that one other state (or group of states) will take care of an rising menace.
Buffer state – A comparatively weak and impartial state located between two bigger hostile nations. The buffer state due to this fact prevents the outbreak of regional battle (similar to Iraq performing as a buffer between Iran and Saudi Arabia).
Bush doctrine – The overseas coverage technique of George W. Bush (2001 – 2009). The principle function of the Bush doctrine was using pre-emptive strikes. The Bush doctrine was additionally characterised by a singular pursuit of American pursuits relatively than the globally-minded multilateral strategy of Bush’s predecessor (Clinton) and successor (Obama).
Capitalism – An financial system primarily based on market forces, non-public possession and minimal state intervention. The tip of the Chilly Warfare marked the triumph of Capitalism over Communism.
Carter Doctrine – The pledge from the Carter administration (1977-1981) to make use of army power with the intention to defend American pursuits within the Persian Gulf. The intention was to discourage the Soviets from looking for hegemony in a area of strategic significance to Washington.
Cession – An understanding below worldwide legislation by which territory is transferred from one state to a different with the consent of each events (such because the Louisiana buy).
Chain Ganging – A time period used to explain how, in a steadiness of energy state of affairs, alliance companions should comply with the lead when one other goes to struggle. If a associate doesn’t take part, it endangers the safety of its allies.
Chauvinism – An exaggerated sense of nationwide superiority. It’s related to jingoist rhetoric and an aggressive pursuit of the nationwide curiosity(s).
Civil Warfare – An intra-state battle between teams, be they ethnic, political, spiritual, and so on. In contrast to standard warfare, it’s battle inside relatively than between states.
Conflict of Civilisations – A time period related to the American political scientist Samuel Huntington. He predicted that battle within the twenty-first century could be characterised through tensions between rival cultures. Having stated this, most modern warfare happens between members of the identical civilisation.
Class battle – A Marxist time period used to explain the political battle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
Classical realism – A theoretical perspective which presents an evidence of Worldwide Relations primarily based upon assumptions regarding human nature. Classical realists undertake a pessimistic view of human behaviour and the primordial forces that form us. Classical realism gained in reputation through the post-Second World Warfare period, however has been eclipsed by the emergence of Structural (Neo)Realism.
Cleft Nations – States which comprise massive teams of people that determine with different civilisations (similar to Ukraine, Sri Lanka and Sudan). This varieties a part of the broader conflict of civilisations thesis.
Local weather Change – Man-made adjustments to the pure surroundings that lead to international warming and consequently international local weather diversifications. Though there have been strikes to deal with local weather change, international governance has proved problematic.
Local weather Change Denial – Those that refuse to acknowledge the scientific proof behind local weather change. Donald Trump as soon as referred to as local weather change a ‘hoax’.
Clinton Doctrine – The philosophical and strategic foundation of overseas coverage directed by the Clinton administration (1993–2001). The Clinton doctrine was characterised as liberal interventionism on a selective foundation. Clinton’s administration intervened within the former Yugoslavia, Kosovo and Somalia with the intention to promote humanitarian goals and defend American pursuits.
CNN issue – A phenomenon by which the media compels decision-makers to intervene with the intention to tackle a selected situation. The CNN issue creates a mindset amongst decision-makers wherein ‘one thing should be executed.’ The time period may also be utilized in the direction of the proliferation of latest media.
Cobweb Mannequin – A liberal notion that claims international politics might be understood on the premise of advanced interdependence. The cobweb mannequin explicitly rejects the realist competition of the Billiard Ball mannequin. Liberals declare that relations between states and non-state actors mirror a system of mutual dependence.
Chilly Warfare – A scenario wherein two rival states have interaction in proxy wars relatively than direct battle. The time period is often utilized in the direction of the ideological dispute between the US and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. Nonetheless, the time period may also be utilized in the direction of present tensions between Washington and Beijing.
Colonialism – The settlement of a overseas nation through an imperial energy. Colonialism is characterised by exploitation of sources, and the separation of the indigenous inhabitants from settlers. The time period is usually used interchangeably with imperialism.
Industrial Peace Idea – A liberal perspective which claims that the unfold of capitalism creates a extra peaceable international system. There’s a clear financial incentive for states to keep away from warfare.
Communism – An financial and political system which is predicated on the widespread possession of the technique of manufacturing. In the course of the Chilly Warfare, the Soviet Union applied a state-centric financial system primarily based upon widespread possession.
Communitarian View – A perspective on human rights which claims that social cohesion and communal norms ought to take the next precedence over the rights of the person. The communitarian strategy is extra prevalent inside Asian and Muslim-majority nations.
Advanced Interdependence – A liberal notion which claims that states and non-state actors are interconnected through commerce and international norms, similar to human rights. While states stay probably the most vital establishments, intergovernmental and supranational our bodies additionally play a job. Selections are due to this fact reached through a means of interplay between varied officers formed by a shared area and a behavior of cooperation.
Constructivism – A theoretical perspective constructed upon the belief that parts of Worldwide Relations are traditionally and socially constructed. In keeping with Alexander Wendt (1992), even the realist idea of energy politics is a social assemble. In different phrases, anarchy is itself a social assemble of the state system and may due to this fact be reworked. Constructivism has emerged as a serious college of thought inside Worldwide Relations with a lot of completely different strands.
Containment – A overseas coverage goal applied by the US through the Chilly Warfare. The intention was to stop the unfold of communism. Related usually with Truman, containment was primarily based on the belief that the Soviet regime was expansionist (Kennan 1947).
Conquest – The acquisition of territory on the premise of power.
Core States – In keeping with the World Methods Idea, the worldwide economic system is split into three distinct areas: Core, Semi-Periphery and Periphery. The exploitative financial system is structured with the intention to preserve the dominance of core nations similar to the US over these inside the periphery.
Corruption – Dishonest and fraudulent behaviour amongst these ready of energy who use their place for private profit. Corrupt leaders usually divert financial sources in the direction of a privileged few with the intention to strengthen their very own grip on energy.
Cosmocracy – A world authorities characterised by the three branches of governance (legislature, govt and judiciary). The time period Cosmocracy could also be contrasted with international governance wherein a quasi-system of governance operates.
Cultural Backlash – Opposition in the direction of the Western-bias of cultural globalisation.
Cultural Flattening – The method wherein info, commodities and pictures produced in a single a part of the world enter into a worldwide village. Cultural flattening is related to a homogenising monocultural set of Western values that tends to undermine cultural variations.
Cultural Globalisation – The transmission of concepts, meanings and values around the globe in a fashion that extends the scope and scale of transnational relations. The method is characterised by the consumption of a standard tradition through the media.
Cultural Homogenisation – The decline in cultural variety by means of the popularisation of cultural symbols. Cultural homogenisation has contributed in the direction of a cultural backlash, an increase in ethnic nationalism and the unfold of non secular fundamentalism.
Cultural Imperialism – A course of by which dominant states impose their very own values and mindset. As a consequence of cultural imperialism, cultures are offered in a hierarchical method.
Cyberwarfare – The use (or menace) of cyber weapons towards one other with the intention of inflicting digital hurt. Cyber hostilities could lead in the direction of standard warfare between two or extra states. As an example, Israel and Iran have been victims (and perpetrators) of cyberwarfare operations.
De Facto – A Latin time period which means ‘in actual fact’.
De Jure – A Latin time period which means ‘in legislation’.
Defensive realism – The strand of realist thought which claims the anarchic construction of worldwide politics encourages states to prioritise their very own nationwide safety. Defensive realism is related to theorists from the neorealist perspective similar to Kenneth Waltz. Defensive realism emphasises the centrality of the safety dilemma and that army expansionism undermines the first aims of the state.
De Lege Ferenda – A authorized phrase which means ‘what the legislation should be’. The time period is usually contrasted with what the legislation is.
De Lege Lata – A authorized time period which means ‘what the legislation is’, in distinction to de lega ferenda.
Dell Idea of Battle Prevention – An up to date model of the commerce (or capitalist) peace principle. In keeping with Thomas Friedman (2005), no two nations which might be each a part of a serious international provide chain (like Dell’s) will ever struggle a struggle towards one another. Though not an entire assure, mutual dependence inside the financial sphere tends to take care of peaceable relations between the nations concerned.
Democratic Peace Idea – A liberal perspective that claims that the unfold of democratic values leads in the direction of a extra peaceable, steady and harmonious worldwide system. That is primarily based on the belief that democratic leaders are held to account by the voters. Democratic nations are due to this fact incentivised to ascertain and preserve diplomatic establishments with the intention to resolve disputes between them.
Dependency Tradition – A scenario wherein recipients of help turn out to be reliant upon the availability of help. Critics declare that the availability of monetary help undermines particular person accountability and self-reliance.
Dependency Idea – A theoretical perspective which claims that the worldwide financial system is characterised by the exploitation of these residing within the periphery. It’s a neo-Marxist perspective which claims that the imperialism of the previous has been changed by a type of neocolonialism applied through the Washington Consensus.
Diplomatic Immunity – The authorized precept wherein a diplomat is exempt from sure legal guidelines inside the state wherein they’re working.
Double Requirements – The place one group (or state) is handled otherwise to a different. Western nations ignore crimes dedicated by strategic allies while punishing these whose pursuits are opposite to their very own. The hypocrisy is especially evident within the context of American overseas coverage within the Center East. The US has defended Israel from the cost of violating worldwide legislation and traded with authoritarian regimes that undermine human rights.
Doves – A time period used to explain a person who favours peaceable means by which to resolve a dispute. A dove is historically portrayed as an emblem of peace. The time period is often contrasted with a hawk who favours a militaristic strategy.
Dyadic Peace – The liberal argument that democracies have a tendency to not struggle each other. Dyadic peace is a key ingredient of the democratic peace principle.
Ecocentrism – A belief-system related to the environmental motion that advocates an equal relationship between human beings and the surroundings. In keeping with their outlook, people are a part of a wider complete with no specific elevated standing. Ecocentrism is related to deep inexperienced ecology.
Financial Globalisation – The method by which nationwide economies have, to a higher or lesser extent, been absorbed into an interlocking international economic system. Financial globalisation is characterised by mutual dependence amongst state and non-state actors.
Rising energy – These states recognised as rising powers on the world stage (such because the BRICS).
Erga Omnes – The precept upon which laws is relevant in the direction of everybody no matter social background. Inside worldwide legislation, the time period depicts the authorized obligations of states.
Ethnic Cleaning – The pressured removing of ethnic, racial and spiritual teams from any given territory by one other ethnic group. Ethnic cleaning could happen on the premise of pressured migration, ethnic dilution and intimidation. The time period has turn out to be extra prevalent because the mid-Nineteen Nineties.
Exploitation – A scenario wherein a dominant group manipulates one other. The time period is related to dependency theorists who emphasise the position of a transnational social class, and the world programs perspective which highlights the position performed by highly effective states inside the international economic system.
Information on the Floor – A time period usually employed inside diplomatic circles to indicate the scenario because it actually is. The phrase is rooted in pragmatism relatively than summary notions of justice, fairness and morality. One illustration of the time period is the existence of Israeli settlements within the West Financial institution (together with East Jerusalem) and the Golan Heights.
Failed State – A state wherein there aren’t any political establishments that may declare sovereignty inside that territory. Failed states usually present a haven for terrorist organisations and different extremist teams. Humanitarian intervention could also be justified inside a failed state similar to Somalia in 1992.
Failing State – A state wherein the federal government finds it extremely problematic to take care of social order. This may occasionally ultimately lead in the direction of the nation being classed as a failed state. Such nations are both rising from a disruptive battle or getting ready to an precise battle.
Federalism – A political system wherein authorized and political buildings distribute energy between two or extra distinct ranges of presidency. The US and Russia are each primarily based upon a federalist system of governance. In relation to regional integration, the EU is dedicated to the federalist intention of the US of Europe.
4 Freedoms – A set of targets articulated by Franklin Roosevelt through the Nineteen Forties. They embrace freedom of speech and spiritual worship alongside freedom from need and concern. The 4 freedoms shaped the premise for the Common Declaration of Human Rights.
Functionalism – A theoretical perspective which recognises the widespread pursuits of states and non-state actors in the direction of the method of integration. The time period is often used within the context of globalisation.
Fundamentalism – An ideological doctrine which calls for complete obedience from its members. The time period is often utilized within the context of extremist teams, terrorist exercise and totalitarian regimes.
G2 – A time period used to indicate the political and financial ties between Washington and Beijing.
G4 – The 4 nations who marketing campaign for a everlasting seat on the UN Safety Council. The G4 consists of Germany, Japan, Brazil and India. The G4 is opposed by the uniting for consensus motion below the management of Italy.
G5 – The group of 5 nations who search to advertise dialogue and understanding between creating and developed nations. The G5 consists of the rising economies of China, India, Brazil, Mexico and South Africa.
G7 – A casual collection of conferences between seven of probably the most developed economies. The G7 depends upon the goodwill of its members as its choices are non-binding. The G7 is notable for the exclusion of China and as a physique that represents the ‘West.’
G20 – A world discussion board of probably the most superior economies on the earth, the EU and representatives from the IMF and World Financial institution. The intention of the G20 is to deal with points surrounding international monetary stability. The G20 is broadly seen as a extra proactive and efficient establishment than the G7.
Recreation Idea – A theoretical mannequin which highlights the style wherein decision-makers work together to consider the alternatives of different decision- makers. Battle and cooperation might be understood through the applying of recreation principle.
Gaza Strip – A densely-populated territory claimed in a authorized sense by the State of Palestine (together with the West Financial institution). In 2006, the electoral success of Hamas provoked an Israeli-led financial and political boycott. In a de facto sense, the State of Israel additionally restricts the motion of individuals residing inside Gaza.
Geneva Conventions – A set of treaties and protocols that present an agreed customary for humanitarian therapy in warfare. The Geneva Conventions define the basic rights of wartime prisoners, protections for the wounded and safeguards for civilians.
Genocide – The deliberate destruction of a lot of individuals from a selected nation or ethnic group. The 1948 UN Genocide Conference outlined genocide as ‘acts dedicated with intent to destroy…a nationwide, ethnic, racial or spiritual group’.
International Commons – These components of the planet to which all nations have entry. The worldwide commons lies exterior the jurisdiction of any nationwide authorities. There are a number of examples of the worldwide commons such because the Excessive Seas and Outer Area.
International Governance – The method of decision-making on the international stage geared toward fixing issues that have an effect on a couple of state (or area). Liberals argue that there was progress in the direction of international governance pushed by the Bretton Woods system, worldwide legal courts and the G20. Nonetheless, realists problem this assumption given the continued significance of statism and sovereignty.
Globalisation – A political system characterised by mutual dependence inside the political, cultural and financial realm. The importance of globalisation is a supply of disagreement between the dominant theoretical views inside Worldwide Relations. The influence of globalisation has been biggest upon the idea of sovereignty because of the rising salience of non-state actors, and the extent to which states are interdependent.
Golden Arches Idea – A contemporary variant upon the commerce (or capitalist) peace principle. Related to Thomas Friedman, the golden arches principle claims that no two nations with a McDonalds would struggle towards each other. Friedman argued that when a rustic reaches a enough stage of financial improvement it turns into a ‘McDonald’s nation’. The golden arches principle is undermined by the 2006 struggle between Israel and Lebanon, Russia-Georgia (2008) and Russia-Ukraine (2014 and 2022).
Good Governance – A situation wherein overseas help is supplied to these nations that search to deal with issues similar to corruption. The supply of monetary help is due to this fact conditional upon enhancements made to governance inside recipient nations.
Nice Energy – A rustic with appreciable affect inside worldwide relations. The time period is used interchangeably with main powers.
Gridlock – An incapability to take united and decisive motion inside an organisation. As an example, the UNSC has been gridlocked over the Syrian Civil Warfare on account of divisions amongst the P5.
Guantanamo Bay – An space of Cuban territory claimed by the US. The Cuban authorities regards American presence as an unlawful occupation on the premise that the unique settlement was a violation of worldwide legislation.
Exhausting Energy – Using power (or coercion) to satisfy a political goal of some sort. In contrast to tender energy, exhausting energy entails the act or menace of aggression. In keeping with Joseph Nye, the time period displays the flexibility of a state to utilise financial and army may. The importance of exhausting energy could have declined within the modern period.
Hawks – A time period used to explain a politician or tutorial beneficial in the direction of warfare and militarism. The time period is usually preceded by ‘rooster’ or ‘liberal.’ The previous refers to a person who advocates a hawkish stance while avoiding army service. The latter denotes a liberal who adopts an aggressive strategy in the direction of the unfold of democracy and capitalism.
Hegemonic Stability Idea – An argument which stipulates that the bigger the focus of energy into the palms of the pre-eminent state, the extra peaceable the worldwide order shall be. In keeping with Charles P. Kindleberger, the instability of the Twenties and 30s was induced partly by the shortage of a worldwide hegemonic energy.
Hegemony – The place a single state workout routines structural dominance over the foundations, norms, conventions and behavior of a regional or worldwide system. The existence of a hegemonic energy is central in the direction of an understanding of hegemonic stability principle. A hegemonic state is ready to train management and its standing is expressed in structural, army and financial phrases.
Hierarchy of States – A time period used to explain how states are stratified inside worldwide relations. The classification of states on the premise of hierarchy casts an perception upon ideas similar to polarity and the steadiness of energy.
Horizontal Nuclear Proliferation – The unfold of nuclear weapons primarily based upon acquisition by states and non-state actors. When it comes to the latter, there’s the potential for a terrorist organisation buying some type of nuclear weaponry.
Human Rights – These rights primarily based upon an entitlement by advantage of being human. They’re usually thought of common and might be the premise for humanitarian intervention. Because the flip of the century, there was a rise within the variety of establishments and agreements that search to uphold human rights.
Humanitarian Intervention – Army intervention carried out within the pursuit of humanitarian (relatively than geo-strategic) aims. Humanitarian intervention is probably going to achieve success when a serious international or regional energy is ready to take the lead (such because the French in Mali). Profitable intervention additionally requires an exit technique and a few consideration of nation-building. Humanitarian intervention usually displays double requirements and may at instances make issues worse.
Hyperpower – A state that’s dominant in each area of worldwide relations. As such, it’s of higher significance than a mere superpower. The US has been described as a hyperpower, though this has partly been undermined by the emergence of China.
Hyper-globalisation – A theoretical perspective which claims that globalisation represents a elementary and transformative improvement inside worldwide politics. The emergence of a worldwide society could effectively mark the loss of life knell of the nation-state.
Idealism – A forerunner of liberalism, idealism inside Worldwide Relations assumes that states are rational actors who recognise the advantages of mutual cooperation. Idealism prescribes a normative overseas coverage. In keeping with figures similar to Woodrow Wilson, idealism supplies a foundation for overseas coverage, such because the fourteen factors and the League of Nations. The educational Michael W. Doyle depicts idealism as a perception that states can belief the optimistic intentions of others.
Imperialism – Extending energy and dominion over territories through acquisition. The three foremost types of imperialism are: colonies, protectorates and spheres of affect.
Supposed Nationally Decided Contributions – An supposed discount in greenhouse gasoline emissions as specified below the UNFCCC.
Institutional Peace Idea – A liberal argument that the institution of worldwide establishments assist foster peace and stability. That is intently associated to the creation of a worldwide commons. In keeping with liberal theorists, worldwide establishments and organisations can be utilized to foster a behavior of cooperation between states.
Worldwide Invoice of Human Rights – An overarching time period that includes the UDHR, the Worldwide Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Worldwide Covenant on Financial, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). None of those paperwork are legally binding.
Worldwide Courtroom of Justice (ICJ) – The Worldwide Courtroom of Justice goals to settle disputes between states in accordance with worldwide legislation. The ICJ additionally presents advisory opinions and consists of a panel made up of 15 judges elected by the UN. The effectiveness of the ICJ, also referred to as ‘The World Courtroom’, is nevertheless undermined by the truth that it can not provoke circumstances and desires to achieve help from the UNSC with the intention to implement its choices.
Worldwide Legal Tribunals – Establishments established to prosecute struggle criminals in sure war-torn areas. As an example, the worldwide tribunal into the previous Yugoslavia introduced high-profile prosecutions towards Slobodan Milosevic and Radovan Karadzic. The previous was the primary Head of State to be positioned on trial for struggle crimes. The Worldwide Legal Tribunal for Rwanda additionally convicted its former Prime Minister Jean Kambanda.
Worldwide Financial Fund (IMF) – A world monetary establishment that lies on the epicentre of the Washington Consensus. The chief aims of the IMF are to facilitate worldwide commerce and supply monetary help. Funding for the IMF derives from quotas and loans.
Intra Legem – A Latin time period which means ‘inside the legislation’.
Ipso Facto – A authorized time period which means by the act (or reality) itself.
Iron Curtain – The ideological division inside Europe between the American and Soviet spheres of affect. The time period was used through the Chilly Warfare and coined by Winston Churchill. Within the Far East, the phrase ‘Bamboo Curtain’ was additionally employed to indicate the division between capitalism and communism.
Isolationism – The doctrine of isolating a state from worldwide alliances and agreements. Isolationism is characterised by non-intervention and unilateralism. It seeks to position the nationwide curiosity above these obligations derived from the broader worldwide group.
Juria Jus Non Oritur – A Latin time period translated as ‘legislation doesn’t come up from injustice’. Unlawful acts (similar to annexation) don’t due to this fact create worldwide legislation.
Jus advert Bellum – A Latin time period outlining the circumstances wherein a state is justified in utilizing army power. As an example, in response to the thinker Thomas Aquinas, warfare should be justified by the suitable authority. It may very well be argued that humanitarian intervention is predicated upon the notion of proper intention or simply trigger.
Jus Cogens – The precept on which no derogation (or exemption) is permitted amongst sovereign states. While there isn’t a common settlement as to its utility, apparent examples embrace a ban on genocide and enslavement. The idea of jus cogens supplies a basis for worldwide legislation.
Jus Gentium – A authorized phrase which means ‘legislation of countries’. It’s a physique of customary legislation held in widespread by nations.
Jus in Bello – A Latin time period that pertains to the conduct of warfare. In keeping with the thinker and theorist Hugo Grotius, jus in bello is characterised by moderation. There are six foremost ideas to contemplate. These embrace simply trigger, warfare as final resort, correct authorisation, proper intention, an affordable likelihood of success and proportionality. A disproportionate response to a violation of worldwide legislation by a non-state actor would due to this fact be opposite to the conduct of warfare.
Jus Inter Gentes – A authorized phrase which means ‘legislation amongst peoples’. It consists of a physique of treaties, conventions and different worldwide agreements.
Jus Soli – The authorized precept that a person’s nationality is decided by hometown. The time period is usually contrasted with jus sanguinis (the legislation of descent) wherein a person acquires the nationality of their dad and mom.
Kyoto Protocol – An environmental settlement adopted in 1997 that dedicated transitional economies to restrict and scale back greenhouse gasoline emissions. Kyoto additionally positioned an obligation upon developed nations primarily based on the notion of differentiated accountability and respective capabilities. Laissez-faire Economics – An financial system primarily based upon market forces and minimal state intervention. In principle, the Washington Consensus is constructed upon a laissez-faire strategy in the direction of financial administration.
Legitimacy – The best and acceptance of correct authority to rule. Legitimacy is a elementary ingredient of Joseph Nye’s idea of soppy energy, and permits us to higher perceive the significance of worldwide establishments. As an example, judicial our bodies and regional organisations are sometimes undermined by an absence of enough legitimacy.
Liberal Democracy – A synergy of liberal freedoms alongside a democratic technique of electing representatives wherein nearly all adults are entitled to political participation. A liberal democracy is due to this fact liberal within the sense that the facility of decision-makers is constrained, and democratic in relation to free competitors for energy between politicians and political events.
Liberalism – A theoretical perspective which claims that worldwide relations is characterised by advanced interdependence, international governance and rational behaviour. In distinction to Realism, the liberal perspective adopts a normative tone. As an example, liberal figures advocate the democratic peace and the industrial (capitalist) peace theories. Liberals are additionally supportive of worldwide establishments and globalisation. The liberal strategy is due to this fact centred upon peace, prosperity and progress.
Lisbon Treaty – A Treaty signed in 2007 that sought to make the EU extra democratic. It gave extra energy to the European Parliament, launched a residents’ initiative and created the EU’s diplomatic service.
Lengthy Cycle Idea – A theoretical strategy which depicts connections between struggle, financial supremacy and world management. George Modelski (1987) argues that there’s a cyclical order that ought to body our understanding of Worldwide Relations. The lengthy cycle principle challenges the predominant view wherein the worldwide system is characterised by anarchy.
Maastricht Treaty – A Treaty signed in 1992 that ready the pathway in the direction of European Financial Union, created a CFSP and instigated the co- resolution process.
Madman principle – An try by the Nixon administration to steer leaders of the Communist bloc that the President was irrational and susceptible to unstable behaviour.
Mandate – Within the context of worldwide relations, a mandate pertains to the idea of legitimacy. States and organisations usually want a transparent mandate with the intention to confer legitimacy upon humanitarian intervention.
Millennium Growth Objectives (MDGs) – A collection of interlinked improvement targets agreed upon by the UN within the yr 2000. The MDGs have been the primary internationally agreed targets in relation to financial and social improvement.
Mitigation – A course of by which nations search to reasonable the influence of greenhouse gases with the intention to deal with local weather change (similar to a shift from non-renewable to renewable power sources).
Modernisation Idea – A theoretical perspective which emphasises the necessity to comply with a selected path of financial improvement (similar to Rostow’s mannequin of financial development). Modernisation principle argues that conventional societies will solely develop once they undertake practices related to extra superior economies.
Monadic Peace – The proposition that democracies are extra peaceable than non-democratic regimes. Inside academia, there’s much less help for the idea of monadic peace than that of dyadic peace.
Montreal Protocol – A world treaty signed in 1987 geared toward defending the ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol has undergone a lot of revisions, and stays one of the crucial profitable environmental agreements on account of a comparatively equitable share of the burden. The Protocol additionally supplied efficient options.
Multilateralism – The place states pursue overseas coverage aims through a constructive engagement with different actors. Even a army superpower could undertake some semblance of multilateralism (such because the ‘coalition of the keen’ through the Iraq Warfare). Regional powers are additionally inclined to undertake a multilateral strategy (e.g., intervention in Yemen launched in 2015 led by Saudi Arabia).
Multipolarity – The distribution of energy wherein greater than two states have roughly equal quantities of army, cultural and financial affect.
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) – An assumption that the devastation brought on by nuclear weapons ensures that neither aspect has any incentive to launch a first-strike. Nuclear annihilation due to this fact supplies a enough deterrent. There is no such thing as a incentive to interact in a first-strike, which thereby ensures stability between two superpowers.
Nationwide Identification – An identification with one’s nation. The extent to which members of society really feel an emotional attachment in the direction of their nation presents a counter-balance to the forces of globalisation.
Nation-Constructing – The development of nationwide identification through the brokers of the state. The intention is to unify the individuals inside a nation-state. The time period has turn out to be extra relevant in the direction of humanitarian intervention in a failed (or failing) state.
Nation – A group of people that usually share a standard nationwide identification, historical past, faith and language.
Nation-State – A theoretical idea wherein nations maintain outlined territorial statehood. The idea dates again to the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. The nation-state is a elementary idea inside worldwide relations which continues to form independence actions all through the world.
Neocolonialism – The method by which the developed world exerts financial management over LEDCs through exploitation. Neocolonialism is upheld by governments, multinational corporations and the Washington Consensus. The time period is usually used interchangeably with neoimperialism.
Neoconservatism – Neoconservatives advocate the promotion of democracy and capitalism through an interventionist overseas coverage. Neoconservatives, who’re most prevalent in the US, are likely to undertake a hawkish stance.
Neofunctionalism – A theoretical blueprint for regional integration primarily based upon the logic of spillover. The event of the EU is according to neofunctionalism.
Neoliberalism – An up to date model of liberalism which claims that the behaviour of states is formed through absolute beneficial properties relatively than relative beneficial properties. Neoliberals additionally have a tendency to advertise the unfold of democratic values as a method to create a extra peaceable international world order. They’re additionally beneficial in the direction of establishments that generate the circumstances vital to make sure peace and stability. Neoliberalism is constructed on an assumption that states are rational entities wherein cooperation will emerge through norms, establishments and mutual belief.
Neo-Neo Debate – The talk inside modern Worldwide Relations between the neorealist and neoliberal faculties of thought.
Neorealism – A strand of realist thought centred on the belief that the worldwide system is structurally anarchic and it’s this construction that determines state behaviour. States are in possession of some offensive army functionality and may by no means be totally sure concerning the intentions of one other state. The first motive behind the behaviour of states is that of structural survival.
New Wars – A time period related to Mary Kaldor with the intention to characterise warfare within the post-Chilly Warfare period. New Wars are centred on identitarian politics between competing teams. It’s claimed that the character of warfare has shifted because of the means of globalisation.
Non-democratic State – A system of consultant authorities wherein elections happen and not using a selection of political events. They’re generally known as no-party democracies.
Non-Refoulement – A precept inside worldwide legislation that forestalls a rustic receiving asylum seekers after which returning them to their nation of origin if they might be in peril of persecution.
North Atlantic Treaty, Article 4 – A clause inside the North Atlantic Treaty which permits session each time the territorial integrity, political independence or safety of any of the signatories is threatened.
North Atlantic Treaty, Article 5 – The well-known clause inside the North Atlantic Treaty that commits member states to the precept of collective defence, i.e. an assault on one is an assault on all. NATO first invoked Article 5 in 2001 after the terrorist assault of 9/11.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) – An intergovernmental organisation charged with implementing the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in 1949. NATO is centred upon the idea of collective defence wherein an assault on one is taken into account to be an assault upon all. Members due to this fact settle for the precept of mutual defence in response to an exterior assault. Because the finish of the Chilly Warfare, the organisation has sought to rebrand itself as a extra humanitarian organisation. The organisation has additionally expanded into the previous Soviet sphere of affect and has applied army motion in response to a unanimous place adopted by the UNSC (e.g. imposing a no-fly zone over Libya in 2011).
North-South Divide – The political and financial distinction between the developed ‘North’ and the underdeveloped ‘South.’ The pursuits of the previous usually differ to these of the latter on points similar to local weather change.
Nuclear Proliferation – The worldwide unfold of nuclear weapons. The possession of nuclear weapons tends to carry sure political advantages (similar to a deterrent). Moreover, becoming a member of the nuclear membership permits a rustic to turn out to be an ideal energy.
Obama Doctrine – The guiding philosophy and technique of the Obama administration (2009–2017). The principal emphasis centred on multilateralism. Though idealistic in tone, the Obama administration engaged in unilateral motion with the intention to promote American pursuits the place vital. The Obama doctrine additionally sought to scale back abroad commitments (notably with reference to Iraq and Afghanistan).
Offensive Realism – A realist perspective which states that the anarchic nature of worldwide politics promotes aggressive behaviour. States due to this fact search to realize safety through domination and hegemony.
Oslo Accords – Agreements reached between Israel and the PLO that have been negotiated by the Clinton administration in 1993 and 1995. The PLO agreed to recognise the State of Israel while the Israelis recognised the Palestinian proper to self-determination. The Oslo Accords additionally created the Palestinian Authority.
Pacta Sunt Servanda – A authorized doctrine stating that agreements should be noticed and obeyed.
Panda Diplomacy – The diplomatic follow of sending large pandas from China to different nations. The time period was popularised through the Chilly Warfare.
Paris Settlement – A UN settlement signed in 2015 that seeks to restrict greenhouse gasoline emissions. Though there isn’t a enforcement mechanism, the Settlement marked the first-ever complete local weather settlement.
Partnership for Peace (PfP) – A collection of bilateral agreements between NATO and its associate states. The PfP goals to construct up mutual belief between NATO and Jap Europe, and thereby improve the organisation’s attain.
Peripheral States – In keeping with World Methods Idea, peripheral states inside the international economic system are exploited by these on the core. This can be on the premise of useful resource extraction and the placement of sweatshops. It is very important word that nations can change their standing inside the international economic system, however the distinction between the 2 stays.
Plurilateral Settlement – A authorized or commerce settlement between a lot of states. The time period is relevant in the direction of the WTO, wherein an settlement requires unanimity. This makes the decision of a bargaining spherical extremely problematic.
Political Globalisation – The rising significance of worldwide organisations inside international politics. These organisations are transnational in that they train jurisdiction inside a broader system of states. Political globalisation usually entails strikes in the direction of a type of governance with an identifiable govt, legislature and judicial department.
Positivism – A scientific strategy in the direction of a examine of the subject material. Positivism is constructed on the belief that the social sciences ought to replicate the methodology employed inside the pure sciences. In doing so, data might be verified on a scientific and causal foundation.
Postmodernism – Inside Worldwide Relations, post-modernism is predicated on an incredulity in the direction of grand theories. As an alternative, our understanding of worldwide politics ought to give attention to questioning relatively than providing metanarratives (similar to Marxism or liberalism). The important thing contribution of postmodernism is the remark that ‘fact’ is relative relatively than absolute.
Publish-Positivism – A reference to these theories that reject the epistemological foundation of positivism. Typically known as reflectivist or interpretivist theories, post-positivism claims that the examine of Worldwide Relations ought to embrace non-state actors and low politics. As an example, a examine of ethnicity casts perception in the direction of our comprehension of the subject material (similar to stateless nations). In contrast to the predominant metanarratives, the main focus of post-positivism is on how energy is skilled. Publish-positivism additionally claims that discourse can by no means be totally freed from energy.
Energy Vacuum – A state of affairs wherein a authorities has no management, and no group has changed them. Insurgents, extremists and organised militia could search to fill the hole inside a failed state. An influence vacuum may happen following a constitutional disaster.
Predatory Hegemon – The place the worldwide hegemon adopts an aggressive pursuit of their very own nationwide curiosity(s) and disregards their obligations in the direction of the worldwide group. The time period could also be contrasted with a benign hegemon.
Precautionary Precept – A precept relevant in the direction of environmental legislation. If an exercise might need dangerous penalties, it’s higher to manage the exercise relatively than look forward to scientific proof. The precautionary precept was a core ingredient of the Montreal Protocol.
Pre-emptive Strikes – In keeping with the Bush administration, Washington had the best to take army motion towards the specter of terrorism. A pre-emptive strike was due to this fact offered as a defence towards a perceived future menace. The idea was used as justification for wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Protectorate – A state that’s managed by one other sovereign state. Protectorates are usually a dependent territory, albeit with a level of restricted autonomy. The protectorate accepts sure obligations relying on the association (similar to Puerto Rico in relation to the US).
Proxy Wars – These wars instigated by main powers with out turning into instantly concerned. As an example, through the Chilly Warfare the 2 superpowers fought a lot of proxy wars while avoiding direct confrontation with each other, similar to in Angola.
Puppet State – A state that’s unbiased in legislation, however not in actual fact. They’re below the affect and management of one other state because of the menace of army power (similar to East Germany in relation to the Soviet Union).
Quasi-Federalism – An intermediate type of state organisation between a unitary state and a federation. It combines options of each federal and unitary authorities. The time period is relevant in relation to the European Union.
Reagan Doctrine – A hawkish overseas coverage stance characterised by an ideological and army confrontation with Soviet-backed communism. It mixed a spiritual rhetoric with a big enhance in army expenditure. The Reagan administration supplied covert help and funding in the direction of these teams against the unfold of communism. The Reagan administration marked a transparent departure from the détente of the Seventies.
Realism – A theoretical perspective which claims that worldwide relations must be understood through reference to a lot of central tenants. Firstly, the state stays probably the most vital actor. Secondly, the anarchic political system is characterised by a system of self-help. States additionally pursue their very own nationwide pursuits and are pushed to doing so both because of human nature or the anarchic construction of the worldwide system. The realist lens adopts a much more detrimental view of human nature than liberalism.
Realpolitik – A system of politics or ideas primarily based upon sensible concerns. It’s generally known as the pursuit of pragmatic insurance policies.
Recognition – A course of wherein sure details are accepted with authorized and legit standing. Statehood is a standard illustration of recognition inside worldwide relations.
Regime Change – The alternative of 1 authorities by one other. Regime change could also be instigated through calls for for social change, a revolution or a coup. It could additionally happen from the reconstruction following the collapse of a failed state. The US has usually been concerned with the method of regime change (similar to Operation Condor in Latin America).
Regionalism – The formal coordination of actions inside a geographical area that contains a lot of states. The expansion of regional our bodies such because the EU each helps (and refutes) the idea of globalisation.
Relative Good points – The actions of states in respect of energy balances and with out regard for different related components (similar to economics). Relative beneficial properties is predicated on a zero-sum formulation of energy politics. Cooperation could also be vital on account of energy steadiness concerns, however the focus of states is on relative beneficial properties. The idea is extra intently related to the realist perspective on Worldwide Relations.
Decision – A declaration voted on by member states of the UN. A easy majority is required, though essential points require two-thirds help inside the Normal Meeting (such because the admission or expulsion of a member state). Resolutions are non-binding inside worldwide legislation.
Useful resource Curse – An inverse relationship between an absence of financial improvement and an abundance of pure sources. It is usually often called the paradox of loads.
Revisionist States – A time period used to classify states that search to alter the current system. A revisionist state is dissatisfied with the present steadiness of energy.
Rights – An entitlement held by a person or group. The idea of rights is said in some method to the notion of duties or duties (similar to the best to nationwide self-determination).
Rio Summit – Held in 1992, the Earth Summit held in Rio addressed the problem of sustainable improvement. The principle achievement of the Rio Summit was the Local weather Change Conference (which later grew to become the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Settlement). The Rio Summit additionally instigated the Conference on Organic Variety.
Rogue States – A time period utilized to these states that fail to stick to the norms and conventions of worldwide relations. Rogue states are often characterised by authoritarian rule, state-sponsored terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. Withdrawal of the time period may also be used as a bargaining chip. As an example, Sudan was taken off the listing of state-sponsored terrorism in return for diplomatic help for Israel. The US additionally agreed to elevate its veto upon help from the IMF and the World Financial institution.
Rome Statute of the Worldwide Legal Courtroom – The Treaty that established the Worldwide Legal Courtroom (ICC). Getting into into power in 2002, the statute outlined 4 worldwide crimes (genocide, crimes towards humanity, struggle crimes and the crime of aggression). The vast majority of nations are members of the ICC albeit with notable exceptions similar to the US, Russia, China and Israel.
Rule of Regulation – Within the context of worldwide relations, the rule of legislation is a precept of governance relevant to a variety of actors. People, establishments and entities are held accountable inside the boundaries of worldwide legislation. The rule of legislation goals to impose a system of guidelines and laws which might be proportionate and non-arbitrary.
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty – Two rounds of bilateral conferences between the US and the Soviet Union on the problem of arms management. Negotiations led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and led to the strategic arms discount talks of the early Nineteen Nineties.
Satellite tv for pc State – An unbiased state that experiences political, financial and army affect from one other state. Nations below the Soviet sphere of affect inside Jap Europe have been broadly depicted as satellite tv for pc states. Safety Dilemma – A scenario wherein actions by a state supposed to intensify its safety, similar to rising their army arsenal, results in additional instability. It’s generally known as the spiral of insecurity.
Secretary Normal of the UN – The chief spokesman of the United Nations. Appointed by the member states of the Normal Meeting, the Secretary Normal will search to precise the opinions of the worldwide group. The UN Secretary Normal can at instances drive ahead the method of worldwide governance, similar to Kofi Annan with reference to creating the R2P and the MDGs.
Selective Intervention – A standard critique levied towards the worldwide group when human rights violations are ignored. Selective intervention routinely highlights the issue of bias and hypocrisy held by highly effective states.
Self-Willpower – A prescriptive idea wherein a nation or imagined group is claimed to have the best to kind its personal political construction. Self- dedication claims {that a} nation ought to obtain statehood and decide how they’re ruled. In keeping with the ICJ, the best to self-determination is predicated on erga omnes.
Semi-Democracy – A state that holds each democratic and authoritarian parts. A semi-democracy could also be categorised as a partial democracy relatively than a full democracy. They’re also referred to as hybrid regimes with a guided type of democracy.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation – An alliance amongst Eurasian and South Asian states (most notably Russia and China). Typically often called the Shanghai Pact, the intention is to advertise cooperation in areas of a shared curiosity (such because the struggle towards terrorism). The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is the most important regional organisation on the earth when it comes to land mass and inhabitants.
Sensible Energy – A mixture of coercion and persuasion with the intention to promote the nationwide curiosity. It seeks to underline the significance of army power with the necessity to set up legitimacy and linkages with others. In keeping with Joseph Nye, the simplest methods with reference to overseas coverage necessitate coercion and persuasion.
Social Cohesion – These components which bind members of a society collectively. Social cohesion is predicated upon norms, values and mores. Establishments, symbols and nationwide anthems may be thought of inside the context of social cohesion.
Tender Regulation – A scenario wherein quasi-judicial establishments lack enough powers of enforcement. The time period is related to worldwide legislation. As an example, the ICC lacks the facility of enforcement when issuing arrest warrants for these convicted of crimes towards humanity.
Tender Energy – Using persuasion (relatively than power) with the intention to exert affect over different actors, convincing different states to need the identical ends as one’s personal state. In contrast to exhausting energy, tender energy operates through intangible components such because the ethical standing of that individual nation.
Sovereignty – The authoritative proper of a governing physique to be the final word resolution maker and train energy inside its personal borders with out interference from exterior our bodies.
Spaceship Earth – An ecological idea primarily based on the argument that Planet Earth will ultimately run out of gas. In keeping with ecologists, we’re all choking on the exhausts of Spaceship Earth.
Sphere of Affect – A spatial division over which a state or organisation has a stage of exclusivity. This may occasionally happen on a proper or casual foundation. In some circumstances, a rustic positioned inside a sphere of affect successfully turns into a satellite tv for pc state.
Spillover – A elementary idea inside the principle of neofunctionalism. Throughout the means of European integration, the sensible advantages supplied by supranational establishments creates an impetus in the direction of deepening the method of integration. Exterior of the EU, the financial advantages of elevated commerce leads in the direction of the formation of multilateral alliances (similar to ASEAN).
Stare Decisis – The authorized doctrine wherein judicial precedent is adopted. The courts will due to this fact abide by a earlier resolution made. The precept of stare decisis is just not a part of worldwide legislation, though judicial members of the World Courtroom could confer with earlier choices.
START – A Treaty signed between the US and the USSR (later Russia) geared toward lowering nuclear arsenals.
Stateless Nation – A single nation that’s politically stateless or territorially divided amongst a lot of states. It’s a value-laden time period because it implies that the group ought to have a state. Stateless nations are often not represented inside the United Nations. Quite a few stateless nations have a historical past of statehood, while others have all the time been stateless. A number of stateless nations also can reside in the identical geographical area or nation.
Statism – The realist notion that states are the principal actors inside worldwide relations. Realism presents a state-centric strategy while the liberal perspective acknowledges the significance of non-state actors.
Standing-Quo Ante Bellum – A Latin phrase which means ‘the scenario because it existed earlier than the struggle’.
Standing-Quo State – A state that seeks to uphold the present worldwide system of states. Because the time period implies, established order states want to protect the principal options of the current system (such because the steadiness of energy). The extra highly effective a state, the extra probably it’s that they’ll search to protect the established order. A excessive variety of powers looking for to protect the established order could contribute in the direction of a extra peaceable worldwide system.
Stimson Doctrine – The non-recognition of these states created because of army aggression.
Structural Energy – The extent of energy exercised by sure states inside the international political and financial system. As an example, the US holds vital structural energy inside a spread of worldwide organisations.
Stockholm Declaration – An settlement reached by individuals on the 1972 UN Convention on the surroundings. The Stockholm Declaration marked a brand new strategy to the problem of environmental degradation.
Superpower – A time period first utilized by William Fox to point these nations with a attain higher than a standard ‘main energy’. Superpowers usually possess a worldwide attain, a predominant position inside their respective sphere of affect and an enormous army capability (particularly when it comes to nuclear weaponry).
Sustainable Growth Objectives (SDGs) – A set of worldwide aims designed to ascertain a extra sustainable future for all. The sustainable improvement targets specify targets that states should adhere to. With the intention to guarantee transparency, efficiency indicators are printed.
Sustainable Growth – Ranges of improvement that meets the wants of the current with out compromising the flexibility of future generations to satisfy their very own wants. Sustainable improvement entails an financial, environmental and generational dimension. The time period has elevated in salience on account of local weather change.
Terra Nullius – A authorized time period which means ‘land with out an proprietor’ (such because the uninhabited landlocked territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan).
Territory – A geographical space often outlined by the boundaries of a rustic (or nation). There are a number of territories all through the world the place two or extra ethnic teams declare sovereignty.
Terrorism – The use or menace of motion designed to affect a authorities or to intimidate the general public. Terrorism additionally seeks to advance a political, spiritual or ideological trigger. Terrorism due to this fact consists of using political violence to demand social change. Because the identify implies, terrorism goals to unfold concern amongst the general public with the intention to affect decision-makers.
Theocracy – A regime primarily based upon a robust adherence to spiritual beliefs (similar to Iran). In a theocracy, legal guidelines are divinely ordained. The creation of a theocratic regime is at instances the long-term goal of some terrorist organisations, particularly in relation to teams similar to Islamic State and al- Qaeda.
Three C’s – Battle, competitors and cooperation. The three C’s are sometimes used as a template in the direction of an understanding of bilateral relations between states.
Tragedy of The Commons – The argument that rational actions by people can result in irrational outcomes. Within the phrases of Garrett Hardin ‘freedom in a commons brings wreck to all.’ The time period is relevant in the direction of an understanding of local weather change.
Transformational Diplomacy – A phrase used through the Bush administration with the intention to promote democracy through army coercion. It could be contrasted with sensible energy, which seeks to mix parts of each tender and exhausting energy.
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) – A proposed commerce settlement signed in 2016 amongst a number of states together with the US, Japan and Australia. When the Trump administration withdrew from the TPP, the remaining nations negotiated a brand new settlement referred to as the Complete and Progressive Settlement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. In political phrases, the partnership seeks to scale back the financial dependence of signatory states on China.
Trump Doctrine – The Trump administration was characterised by a mixture of populist measures with a nativist ‘America first’ strategy. The Trump doctrine was a mix of hawkish rhetoric and selective intervention. It due to this fact represented a rejection of globalism, multilateralism and liberalism. Examples of the Trump doctrine embrace the raid on Yakla, recognising Jerusalem because the capital of Israel and a drone strike killing the high-ranking Iranian official Qasem Soleimani.
Unilateralism – A overseas coverage strategy wherein states pursue their very own pursuits with none diplomatic or army involvement from others. Unipolarity – A world system in which there’s just one pre-eminent state. In a unipolar system, one dominant state has the capability to behave as a hegemon. Some theorists argue that unipolarity ensures stability. The dependent issue is the intentions of the dominant energy; as a benign hegemon will act in a really completely different method to a predatory hegemon.
United Nations (UN) – Based after the Second World Warfare in 1945, the United Nations is an intergovernmental organisation which mainly endeavours to take care of worldwide peace and safety, worldwide cooperation, and be the centre of the harmonisation of state exercise – following the goals set out in its founding doc, the UN Constitution.
United Nations Constitution, Article 42 – The clause inside the UN Constitution that enables the organisation to utilise army motion. This may occasionally entail a job for peace-keeping operations.
United Nations Constitution, Article 51 – The clause inside the UN Constitution that allows states to interact in army motion on the premise of self-defence. United Nations Framework Conference on Local weather Change (UNFCCC) – An environmental treaty that seeks to deal with local weather change. The UNFCCC has resulted in a lot of salient environmental agreements such because the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Settlement.
Common Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) – A doc that enshrines a set of common rights and freedoms. The UDHR recognises that every one people are born free and equal in dignity and rights no matter social background. In historic phrases, it marked the preliminary step in the direction of the Worldwide Invoice of Rights
Uti Possidetis – The authorized precept that territory stays with its possessor on the finish of the battle until in any other case supplied for through a treaty. Either side retains no matter territory it holds on the finish of the struggle.
Vertical Nuclear Proliferation – The buildup of nuclear weapons by established nuclear states.
Veto – To vote towards or refuse to ratify. Within the UN Safety Council, members of the everlasting 5 maintain a technical veto, as resolutions could solely move if the P5 vote unanimously. Nonetheless, there’s a so-called ‘sixth veto’ whereby the seven non-permanent members vote towards a decision. Victor’s Justice – A time period that refers back to the double requirements usually employed by the victorious aspect. Crimes dedicated by the defeated get together are due to this fact topic to punishment, however these dedicated by the successful aspect are usually not. For instance, the UN Tribunal into the Rwandan genocide solely convicted Hutus.
Warfare on Terror – A concerted try by the US and different key allies to defeat these teams thought of liable for 9/11. The Warfare on Terror differs from standard warfare in that the latter was fought towards a definite state and a uniformed organisation, the previous is just not. It is usually characterised by an try and take care of rogue states and to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Nonetheless, critics declare that the Warfare on Terror is nearly solely directed at militant Islam.
Washington Consensus – A collection of coverage prescriptions promoted by establishments primarily based within the American capital. It entails a bundle of measures similar to privatisation, deregulation and marketisation. The Washington Consensus is usually contrasted with the Beijing Consensus as a possible pathway in the direction of financial improvement.
West Financial institution – A landlocked territory below Israeli occupation since 1967 (together with the contentious space of East Jerusalem). The West Financial institution is split between unlawful Israeli settlements and the remit of the Palestinian Nationwide Authority. The Oslo Accords created administrative districts with various ranges of Palestinian autonomy.
Westernisation – A time period usually utilized by critics of globalisation to stress the extent to which Western governments and Western-based corporations export a set of norms and values to different nations. Westernisation is intently related to the method of globalisation.
Wisconsin Faculty – A faculty of thought which claims that American overseas coverage might be understood because the seek for markets overseas. Financial components are due to this fact extra salient than different attainable explanations (such because the steadiness of energy).
World Financial institution – A world monetary establishment that gives grants and loans to governments of center and low-income nations.
World Financial Discussion board – A world non-governmental organisation wherein outstanding political and financial stakeholders meet in Davos, Switzerland. The organisation supplies a platform to advertise a shared capitalist agenda with no democratic accountability or transparency.
World Commerce Organisation (WTO) – An intergovernmental organisation created in 1995 with the intention to change the GATT. The WTO seeks to control worldwide commerce in items, companies and mental property. It additionally supplies a framework for negotiating commerce agreements, resolving disputes and avoiding discrimination between buying and selling companions.
World Methods Idea – A theoretical perspective which emphasises the world system (relatively than nation-states) as the principle focus of research. Related to the work of Immanuel Wallerstein, the chief function of the world programs principle is its focus upon the transnational division of labour between core, semi-peripheral and peripheral states. It additionally claims that the worldwide financial system is very exploitative.
Zone of Peace – A discrete geographical area of the world wherein states have maintained peaceable relations amongst themselves for a time period. The European Union has sought to create a zone of peace on a war-torn continent. Former rivals have positioned their historic enmity apart with the intention to construct a extra peaceable continent.
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